主语是句子的行为主体，是句段的陈述对象，事关句子结构的基本走向，主语的准确翻译对于信息的准确传达至关重要，同时也有助于句中其它各成分的翻译。主语在英语中通常具有名词性特征，而在汉语中具有更大的自由度。基于英汉两种语言的差异，汉译时，通常需要对主语进行增删或调整，才能让句段重点突出、意义明确，更好地符合译入语的表达习惯。

本报告所选用的翻译实践文本Blockchain for 5G Healthcare Applications《区块链在5G医疗领域的应用》（节选）由英国工程技术学会出版于2022年1月18日，属于典型的科技类文本，此类文本注重信息的简洁明确，需要基于英汉语言差异进行主语的恰当转换。原文本中存在很多无灵主语、形式主语句、不易识别主语的长难句，以及英汉翻译中主语无法一一对应的句子，需要在汉译文本中进行主语增删或结构调整，以实现科技汉译文本信息传递功能的最大化。

为探讨科技文本中主语的汉译方法，本报告选取卡特福德翻译转换理论中的范畴转换为指导进行英汉翻译，结合文本特点，从结构转换、词类转换和单位转换三个角度探讨了科技英汉翻译中主语的译法。结构转换大致分为：主语与话题的转换、虚位主语与零位主语的转换、物称主语与人称主语的转换以及主语与句中非主语成分（如谓语、宾语、状语等）的转换。词类转换在主语转换中主要是名词与动词、形容词和副词的转换以及介词与动词的转换。单位转换主要是名词短语和句子的转换。笔者认为对这些转换的合理运用可以帮助译者更准确地传达信息，而不会为形式对应所累。本报告为科技英汉翻译中主语的译法总结经验，旨在将其运用到未来的科技英汉翻译实践之中，改进译文质量，提高翻译效率。

As one of the backbones of a sentence, subject represents what is mainly talked about. It concerns the building of the whole sentence to some extent. Accurate translation of the subject is crucial to the accurate communication of the message, and also helps the translation of all other components in a sentence. Subjects are normally noun-based in English while in Chinese they are less restricted. Due to the huge differences between Chinese and English, flexible adaptations of subjects have to be employed in E-C translation to make the paragraph reasonably detailed, clear in meaning and conform to the expression habits of the target language.

The report is based on the E-C translation of Blockchain for 5G Healthcare Applications (excerpt), which was published on IET (The Institution of Engineering and Technology) on January 18, 2022. The source text is a typical technical text, being highly professional and informative. The accurate transmission of information is quite important for such kind of text, requiring appropriate subject conversion based on English-Chinese language differences. There are many inanimate subjects and formal subjects, long and complex sentences whose subjects cannot be easily identified, and other circumstances that prevent E-C subject correspondence. The translator must make some adjustments to the subjects to make sure the meaning is perfectly delivered.

To figure out the E-C translation techniques of subjects in technical texts, the author finished the translation practice under the guidance of Catford’s category shift theory. The report presents the translation methods and techniques involved from three aspects: structural shift, class shift and unit shift. And the structural shift was further divided into the following four aspects: shift from subject to topic, shift from dummy subject to null subject, shift from inanimate subject to animate subject and shift from subject to non-subject (other syntactic components, such as predicate, object and adverbial). Class shift is mainly about the conversion from nouns to verbs, attributes and adverbials as well as prepositions to verbs. Unit shift is mainly about the conversion from lower noun phrase to higher clause. The author believes that these shifts can make the translator pay more attention to meaning communication rather than formal correspondence. It is hoped that this report can provide some help for the E-C translation of subjects in technical texts, and at the same time, help improve the translation quality and efficiency in the future.

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