摘要

 

超宽带技术(UWB)利用其极宽的工作带宽，可以实现高速率无载波的数据传输。其超低的发射功率和对多径效应的不敏感使其更方便的应用于室内近距离的无线通信。多输入多输出技术(Multi-input Multi-output,MIMO)可以在不牺牲额外频谱资源和总发射功率的基础上成倍地提高通信系统的信道容量，同时也具有提高信道可靠性，抵抗多径衰落和降低误码率等优点。很长时间以来超宽带技术和MIMO技术一直都以各自的方式为未来无线通信提供新的解决方案。但随着无线通信业务的发展，尤其是室内近距离通信的急剧增长，相信在不远的将来对近距离无线通信的速度要求将会达到Gb/s的量级。为了应对未来高速无线通信的需求，有人提出了把超宽带技术和多天线技术相结合的新方法。通过充分利用超宽带技术的极宽带宽和MIMO技术的空间复用能力，使通信速度可以达到Gb/s的量级。本文结合研究课题，围绕超宽带天线及其陷波和多天线技术，以及超宽带天线的时域特性分析展开了研究工作，作者主要的研究内容包括以下几个方面：

1.设计了多款结构紧凑的超宽带天线，包括窄地板结构的半月形超宽带天线、共面波导馈电的扇形超宽带天线、准自互补型的超宽带天线；对工作机理进行了分析，并给出了天线的阻抗带宽、增益、方向图、效率、群时延等参数。通过仿真结果和实验结果的对比可知，文中给出的超宽带天线都具有良好的工作性能，可以很好的满足未来无线通信对超宽带天线的各种需求。

2.以三种地板结构的半圆形单极子超宽带天线和两种形式的类偶极子超宽带天线为基础，研究了天线地板结构和辐射贴片形式对超宽带天线脉冲波形保真性能的影响。通过在天线六个基本方向上设置虚拟探针，分析天线在不同方向上的信号传播特性，包括信号的时域波形、能量谱、保真度等。通过接收信号与原始激励信号的对比可知，尽管天线的辐射贴片形式有所不同，但切角地板结构形式的超宽带天线具有比其他两种天线形式更加优良的时域波形保真度的性能。

3.提出了紧凑型超宽带天线陷波技术的多种实现形式，包括加载于辐射贴片上的Ω型弯折缝隙、加载于地板缝隙之上的双倒L枝节、加载于贴片缝隙上的倒T型枝节、具有四分之一波长工作特性的单端开路的平行双线结构；Ω型弯折缝隙的陷波主要通过调节其与辐射贴片的边缘距离和自身长度实现；双倒L枝节的陷波特性主要通过调节其自身长度和自身与地板的距离来实现，而其在圆弧上的位置并不会对其陷波特性造成明显的影响；T型结通过形成末端开路谐振来实现陷波，但由于其需要占用一定的空间，所以该方法的应用对辐射贴片的整体面积有一定的要求；单端开路的平行双线结构在地板和辐射贴片之间建立一个短路通路，然后根据陷波频段的要求调节另一条末端开路线的电长度就可以实现在所需频段的陷波。

4.以电小天线为基础，提出了具有紧凑结构的超宽带MIMO天线的两种新的实现形式。首先，提出了一种基于弯折单极子的超宽带MIMO天线，其极宽带宽的实现来自于弯折单极子与短路倒L寄生枝节间的容性耦合效应，且同时实现了天线单元间的高隔离；考虑到其实际的应用场景，对天线在靠近人头情况下的工作状态进行了分析和讨论。其次，提出了一种具有双陷波特性的超宽带MIMO天线，其加载的T型地板枝节实现了其在超宽频带上的去耦；并结合目前对超宽带通信中对陷波特性的需求，设计了具有双陷波特性的超宽带MIMO天线。

5.根据准自互补天线单元自身的辐射特性，提出了一种紧凑的基于准自互补结构的两单元超宽带MIMO天线，并对其分集性能、群时延和靠近人头的工作状态进行了分析和讨论；通过比较可以看出，基于准自互补天线的超宽带MIMO天线具有天然的高隔离度，能够很好的满足未来无线通信对超宽带覆盖和分集性能的双重需求；最后，根据准自互补天线的工作特性进一步提出了四单元并行排列和四单元逆时针排列的两种四单元的超宽带MIMO天线，并对它们的工作性能进行了仿真和分析。

ABSTRACT

 

With extremely wide operating band, ultra-wideband (UWB) technology can be used in high-speed data rate transmission of no carrier. Its ultra-low emission power and insensitivity to multipath effects make it more convenient for indoor wireless communications. Multi-input Multi-output (MIMO) technology can increase channel capacity without sacrificing additional spectrum resources and total transmission power, and it also can improve channel reliability, resist to multipath fading and reduce error bit rate. For a long time, UWB and MIMO technology has been as two individual solutions for future wireless communications. With the development of high-definition television (HDTV) and high-speed short-range communication, it is believed that the indoor data rate will reach as high as 1Gb/s in the near future. To meet the future needs of high-speed communication, a new approach that combining UWB and MIMO technology is proposed. By taking full use of space diversity of MIMO system and wide frequency band of UWB technology, UWB-MIMO system can reach speed of Gb/s level. In this paper, author has studied compact UWB antenna, its notch band technology, multi-element technology and its time-domain characteristics analysis. The main aspects of this paper can be concluded as follows:

 

1. Several forms of compact UWB antnenas are designed, including half-moon-shape UWB antenna with narrow ground plane, fan-shape UWB antenna with CPW-fed, quasi-self-complementary antenna (QSCA) with UWB performance. Then, their impedance bandwidth, gains, radiation patterns, antenna efficiencies and group delays are measured and analyzed. By comparing simulated and measured results, the proposed UWB antennas show good performaces which can meet the demands of future UWB wirelss communications.

 

2. Based on the semi-circular patch antenna with three kinds ground planes and quasi-dipole with two kinds of ground planes, the impact of ground plane and radiation patch on the UWB antenna time-domain behaviors are studied. By placing virtual probes at six fundamental directions of the antenna, the transmission properties are analyzed, including signal waveforms, power spectrum and fidelity factors. By comparing the probe-received and the original signals, although with different radiation patches, the UWB antenna with triangular cut ground plane has better time-domain behaviors than others.

 

3. Several different forms of notch band technologies have been proposed, including meandering slots loading, dual L-shape grounded branch, inverted T-shape stub and quarter wavelength paralell microstrip lines with open-ended.  By adjusting the length of the slot and the distance between the slots and the patch edge , the desired notch band can be obtained. By adjusting its own length and the distance between branch and ground plane, the dual L-shape grounded branch can generate two desired notch bands; while its position on the circle affects a little on its notch band characteristics. The T-shape stub notch band come from its open-ended resonating, but its physical size make it need a large enough patch where the stub can be fully inserted; The open-ended quarter-wavelength line creates a short path between the ground plane and the radiation patch, and then by tunning the length of the other open-ended line, a desired notch band can be achieved.

 

4. Based on the electric small antenna, two novel UWB-MIMO antenna are proposed. Firstly, a UWB-MIMO antenna with meandered monopole is proposed; its ultra-wide band is obtained from the capacitive coupling between the end-shorted L-shape strips and meandering monopole; then, by introducing a wide gap between the two antenna elements, a higher isolation can be achieved; and considering its practical application scenarios, its work status near the head is analyzed. Secondly, a UWB-MIMO antenna with dual notch band is proposed, the loaded T-shape grounded branch enables its coupling reduction; To meet the future demand of the UWB communications, the UWB-MIMO antenna with dual notch band characteristics is also implemented.

 

5. According to the radiation characteristics of the QSCA, a two-element UWB-MIMO antenna is presented and its diversity performance, group delay and working status near the human head are all analyzed; by comparison, it can be seen in the absence of any decoupling methods and structures, the UWB-MIMO antenna based on QSCA can reach a high isolation, which both can cater the UWB coverage and diversity performance demand in the future wireless communications; then, on this basis, two more kinds of four-element UWB-MIMO antenna with elements parallel and anticlockwise arranged, are proposed, simulated and disscused.

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