激光测量技术因其具有精度高、抗干扰能力强等优点被广泛应用于激光制导、精密测量、空间光通信等领域，高精度激光光斑定位是高精密激光测量的关键。本文面向星间高精度偏转角测量的应用需求，研究了基于激光加四象限探测器的光斑中心高精度定位方法，构建了激光光斑的椭圆高斯模型，探究了四象限探测器结构因素、系统噪声因素及空间复杂环境因素等对光斑定位精度影响的关系模型。在此基础上，提出了一种基于Composite法和Fourier级数法的融合式激光光斑中心位置高精度定位算法。搭建了地面实验系统，验证了本文所研究的基于激光加四象限探测器的光斑中心位置检测方法的可行性和有效性。主要研究内容如下：

1.推导了激光光斑的定位模型，研究了现有经典的激光光斑中心位置解算算法，揭示了四象限探测器尺寸、结构等对光斑定位影响的作用机理。

2.在空间环境下，构建了空间环境温度、星间基线长度、倾斜离轴入射高斯光束以及透镜畸变等几类因素对激光光斑定位影响的关系模型，并基于仿真实验分析得出当系统温度保持在20℃的恒温状态，激光器到探测器的距离越近、激光束倾斜离轴入射角为0°、选用畸变系数最小的透镜对光斑定位的影响最小，光斑定位精度最高。

3.针对现有椭圆高斯入射激光光斑定位算法精度难以满足实际需求的问题，构建了符合实际的椭圆高斯激光光斑模型，提出了一种以光斑长短轴长、探测器靶面大小以及死区宽度等三因子加权的新的基于Composite法和Fourier级数法的融合式光斑中心位置高精度定位算法，克服了光斑模型不准确等造成的光斑定位精度差的问题，显著提高了光斑定位精度，使其达到10^-6mm量级，且适用于光斑检测范围比较宽的情况。

4.设计了激光加四象限探测器的光斑中心位置检测实验系统，搭建了激光光斑中心位置检测实验平台，验证了本文所提融合式光斑中心位置精估计算法和Composite算法的光斑中心位置检测性能。实验结果表明：Composite算法的定位误差在0.08mm，而本文所提融合算法的定位误差在0.01mm，显著优于现有精度较高的Composite算法。在此基础上，本文基于地面试验系统研究并检验了信噪比、光斑半径以及光斑中心位置对光斑定位的影响，验证并说明了仿真结果的有效性。

 

关 键 词：光斑中心位置检测，四象限探测器，椭圆高斯光斑，融合式算法

Laser measurement technology is widely used in laser guidance, precision measurement, space optical communication and other fields because of its advantages of high accuracy and strong anti-interference ability, etc. High precision laser spot positioning is the key to high precision laser measurement. In this paper, we study the high-precision positioning method of spot center based on laser plus four-quadrant detector for interstellar high-precision deflection angle measurement, construct an elliptical Gaussian model of laser spot, and investigate the relationship model of the influence of four-quadrant detector structure factor, system noise factor and space complex environment factor on spot positioning accuracy. On this basis, a fused laser spot center position high-precision positioning algorithm based on Composite and Fourier series method is proposed. A ground experiment system is built to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the laser plus four-quadrant detector-based spot center position detection method studied in this paper. The main research contents are as follows:

 

1. The localization model of laser spot is derived, and the existing classical algorithm for solving the laser spot center position is investigated to reveal the mechanism of the effect of four-quadrant detector size and structure on the spot localization.

 

2. In the space environment, the relationship models of several factors, such as the space environment temperature, the interstellar baseline length, the tilted off-axis incident Gaussian beam caused by the interstellar relative motion and the lens aberration, on the laser spot positioning are constructed, and based on the analysis of simulation experiments, it is concluded that when the system temperature is kept at a constant temperature of 20℃, the closer the distance from the laser to the detector, the tilted off-axis incident angle of the laser beam is 0°, and the lens with the smallest aberration coefficient is selected. The lens with the smallest distortion coefficient has the smallest influence on the spot positioning and the highest spot positioning accuracy.

 

3. To address the problem that the accuracy of the existing elliptical Gaussian incident laser spot positioning algorithm is difficult to meet the actual demand, we construct a realistic elliptical Gaussian laser spot model and propose a new high-precision positioning algorithm based on the composite and Fourier level method with three factors weighted by the spot length and short axis length, the detector target size and the dead zone width. This algorithm overcomes the problem of poor spot positioning accuracy caused by inaccurate spot model, significantly improves the spot positioning accuracy to the order of 10^-6mm, and is suitable for a wide spot detection range.

 

4. The experimental system of laser plus four-quadrant detector spot center position detection is designed, and the experimental platform of laser spot center position detection is built to verify the spot center position detection performance of the fused spot center position estimation algorithm and Composite algorithm proposed in this paper. The experimental results show that the positioning error of Composite algorithm is 0.08mm, while the positioning error of the proposed fusion algorithm is 0.01mm, which is significantly better than the existing Composite algorithm with higher accuracy. On the basis of this paper, the effects of signal-to-noise ratio, spot radius and spot center position on spot localization are studied and examined based on the ground test system to verify and illustrate the validity of the simulation results.

 

Keywords: Spot center position detection, four quadrant detector, elliptical Gaussian spot, fused algorithm

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